Th35.) (I ⇒ J), (J ⇒ I) ⊢ (I ⇔ J)
1.) ⊢ I ⇒ J Hyp
2.) ⊢ J ⇒ I Hyp
3.) ⊢ (I ⇒ J) ⇒ [(J ⇒ I) ⇒ ((I ⇒ J) ∧ (J ⇒ I))] Th30
4.) ⊢ (J ⇒ I) ⇒ ((I ⇒ J) ∧ (J ⇒ I)) MP 1,3
5.) ⊢ (I ⇒ J) ∧ (J ⇒ I) MP 2,4
6.) ⊢ (I ⇔ J) Definition of ⇔
Th36.) H ⇔ K ⊢ K ⇔ H Symmetry of ⇔
1.) ⊢ H ⇔ K Hyp
2.) ⊢ (H ⇒ K) ∧ (K ⇒ H) Definition of ⇔
3.) ⊢ [(H ⇒ K) ∧ (K ⇒ H)] ⇒ [(K ⇒ H) ∧ (H ⇒ K)] Th27
4.) ⊢ (K ⇒ H) ∧ (H ⇒ K) MP 2,3
5.) ⊢ K ⇔ H Definition of ⇔
Th37.) (H ⇔ K), (K ⇔ L) ⊢ (H ⇔ L) Transitivity of ⇔
1.) H ⇔ K Hyp
2.) K ⇔ L Hyp
3.) ⊢ (H ⇒ K) ∧ (K ⇒ H) Definition of ⇔
4.) ⊢ (K ⇒ L) ∧ (L ⇒ K) Definition of ⇔
5.) ⊢ [(H ⇒ K) ∧ (K ⇒ H)] ⇒ (K ⇒ H) Th28
6.) ⊢ [(H ⇒ K) ∧ (K ⇒ H)] ⇒ (H ⇒ K) Th29
7.) ⊢ (K ⇒ H) MP 3,5
8.) ⊢ (H ⇒ K) MP 3,6
9.) ⊢ [(K ⇒ L) ∧ (L ⇒ K)] ⇒ (L ⇒ K) Th28
10.) ⊢ [(K ⇒ L) ∧ (L ⇒ K)] ⇒ (K ⇒ L) Th29
11.) ⊢ (L ⇒ K) MP 4,9
12.) ⊢ (K ⇒ L) MP 4,10
13.) ⊢ (H ⇒ L) Th5
14.) ⊢ (L ⇒ H) Th5
18.) ⊢ H ⇔ L Th35
"Your body is the instrument upon which your soul is played. Provided, your instrument is in tune and your music well-composed, then your concert hall will always be filled" David R Andrews(2012)
Tuesday, March 29, 2016
Sunday, March 27, 2016
Investigation of Formulae in Predicate Calculus (5)
Allow the universe, to literally be the universe. Now consider the following formula:
∃x{∃y[¬(x = y)]}. There exists something call it x and there exists something call it y, it turns out it is not the case that x is the same thing as y. This construction is a strange way to say the number two!
Investigation of Formulae in Predicate Calculus (4)
∀x[∀y(xRy)] states that everything in the universe bares the relationship R to everything else in the universe. If I switch the positions of x and y, then the formula still makes the same claim. ∀y[∀x(xRy)] switches x and y in the quantifiers but yet again the meaning remains the same.
∀x[∃y(xRy)] makes both a universal claim as well as an existential claim. It states that for any possible thing x in the universe, there exists another thing y such that x bares relation R to y. If R is taken to be the predicate <, then ∀x[∃y(x<y)] is true if our universe is the set of all natural numbers. Switching x and y yields ∀x[∃y(y<x)] which turns out to be false if our universe remains but is true if we expand our universe to be the set of all integers. Swapping x and y in the quantifiers produces ∀y[∃x(x<y)] which turns out to mean the same thing as ∀x[∃y(y<x)] because the variable associated with each quantifier is in the same position in the atomic formula.
∃x[∀y(xRy)] if R is taken to be =, then ∃x[∀y(x = y)]. This statement says at least one thing exists in the universe such that it is equal to everything else in the universe. This statement is true in a one element universe because that element is both something and everything.
∃x[∃y(xRy)] means that at least one x and at least one y exist such that x bares R to y. Replace R with ∈ and the formula claims that something is a member of something else.
∀x[∃y(xRy)] makes both a universal claim as well as an existential claim. It states that for any possible thing x in the universe, there exists another thing y such that x bares relation R to y. If R is taken to be the predicate <, then ∀x[∃y(x<y)] is true if our universe is the set of all natural numbers. Switching x and y yields ∀x[∃y(y<x)] which turns out to be false if our universe remains but is true if we expand our universe to be the set of all integers. Swapping x and y in the quantifiers produces ∀y[∃x(x<y)] which turns out to mean the same thing as ∀x[∃y(y<x)] because the variable associated with each quantifier is in the same position in the atomic formula.
∃x[∀y(xRy)] if R is taken to be =, then ∃x[∀y(x = y)]. This statement says at least one thing exists in the universe such that it is equal to everything else in the universe. This statement is true in a one element universe because that element is both something and everything.
∃x[∃y(xRy)] means that at least one x and at least one y exist such that x bares R to y. Replace R with ∈ and the formula claims that something is a member of something else.
Saturday, March 26, 2016
Investigation of Formulae in Predicate Calculus (3)
(nested quantifiers)
∀x[∀y( )] ∀y[∀x( )] ∀x[∃y( )] ∀y[∃x( )] ∃x[∀y( )] ∃y[∀x( )] ∃x[∃y( )] ∃y[∃x( )]
¬∀x[∀y( )] ∀x[¬∀y( )] ∀x[∀y(¬ )] ¬∀x[¬∀y( )] ¬∀x[∀y(¬ )] ∀x[¬∀y(¬ )] ¬∀x[¬∀y(¬ )]
∀x[( ) ∧ ∀y( )] ∀x[∀y( ) ∧ ( )] ∀x{∀y[( ) ∧ ( )]}
∀x[( ) ∧ ∀y( )] ∀x[∀y( ) ∧ ( )] ∀x{∀y[( ) ∧ ( )]}
∀x[( ) ∨ ∀y( )] ∀x[∀y( ) ∨ ( )] ∀x{∀y[( ) ∨ ( )]}
∀x[( ) ⇒ ∀y( )] ∀x[∀y( ) ⇒ ( )] ∀x{∀y[( ) ⇒ ( )]}
∀x[( ) ⇔ ∀y( )] ∀x[∀y( ) ⇔ ( )] ∀x{∀y[( ) ⇔ ( )]}
¬∀y[∀x( )] ∀y[¬∀x( )] ∀y[∀x(¬ )] ¬∀y[¬∀x( )] ¬∀y[∀x(¬ )] ∀y[¬∀x(¬ )] ¬∀y[¬∀x(¬ )]
∀y[( ) ∧ ∀x( )] ∀y[∀x( ) ∧ ( )] ∀y{∀x[( ) ∧ ( )]}
∀y[( ) ∨ ∀x( )] ∀y[∀x( ) ∨ ( )] ∀y{∀x[( ) ∨ ( )]}
∀y[( ) ⇒ ∀x( )] ∀y[∀x( ) ⇒ ( )] ∀y{∀x[( ) ⇒ ( )]}
∀y[( ) ⇔ ∀x( )] ∀y[∀x( ) ⇔ ( )] ∀y{∀x[( ) ⇔ ( )]}
¬∀x[∃y( )] ∀x[¬∃y( )] ∀x[∃y(¬ )] ¬∀x[¬∃y( )] ¬∀x[∃y(¬ )] ∀x[¬∃y(¬ )] ¬∀x[¬∃y(¬ )]
∀x[( ) ∧ ∃y( )] ∀x[∃y( ) ∧ ( )] ∀x{∃y[( ) ∧ ( )]}
∀x[( ) ∨ ∃y( )] ∀x[∃y( ) ∨ ( )] ∀x{∃y[( ) ∨ ( )]}
∀x[( ) ⇒ ∃y( )] ∀x[∃y( ) ⇒ ( )] ∀x{∃y[( ) ⇒ ( )]}
∀x[( ) ⇔ ∃y( )] ∀x[∃y( ) ⇔ ( )] ∀x{∃y[( ) ⇔ ( )]}
¬∀y[∃x( )] ∀y[¬∃x( )] ∀y[∃x(¬ )] ¬∀y[¬∃x( )] ¬∀y[∃x(¬ )] ∀y[¬∃x(¬ )] ¬∀y[¬∃x(¬ )]
∀y[( ) ∧ ∃x( )] ∀y[∃x( ) ∧ ( )] ∀y{∃x[( ) ∧ ( )]}
∀y[( ) ∨ ∃x( )] ∀y[∃x( ) ∨ ( )] ∀y{∃x[( ) ∨ ( )]}
∀y[( ) ⇒ ∃x( )] ∀y[∃x( ) ⇒ ( )] ∀y{∃x[( ) ⇒ ( )]}
∀y[( ) ⇔ ∃x( )] ∀y[∃x( ) ⇔ ( )] ∀y{∃x[( ) ⇔ ( )]}
¬∃x[∀y( )] ∃x[¬∀y( )] ∃x[∀y(¬ )] ¬∃x[¬∀y( )] ¬∃x[∀y(¬ )] ∃x[¬∀y(¬ )] ¬∃x[¬∀y(¬ )]
∃x[( ) ∧ ∀y( )] ∃x[∀y( ) ∧ ( )] ∃x{∀y[( ) ∧ ( )]}
∃x[( ) ∨ ∀y( )] ∃x[∀y( ) ∨ ( )] ∃x{∀y[( ) ∨ ( )]}
∃x[( ) ⇒ ∀y( )] ∃x[∀y( ) ⇒ ( )] ∃x{∀y[( ) ⇒ ( )]}
∃x[( ) ⇔ ∀y( )] ∃x[∀y( ) ⇔ ( )] ∃x{∀y[( ) ⇔ ( )]}
¬∃y[∀x( )] ∃y[¬∀x( )] ∃y[∀x(¬ )] ¬∃y[¬∀x( )] ¬∃y[∀x(¬ )] ∃y[¬∀x(¬ )] ¬∃y[¬∀x(¬ )]
∃y[( ) ∧ ∀x( )] ∃y[∀x( ) ∧ ( )] ∃y{∀x[( ) ∧ ( )]}
∃y[( ) ∨ ∀x( )] ∃y[∀x( ) ∨ ( )] ∃y{∀x[( ) ∨ ( )]}
∃y[( ) ⇒ ∀x( )] ∃y[∀x( ) ⇒ ( )] ∃y{∀x[( ) ⇒ ( )]}
∃y[( ) ⇔ ∀x( )] ∃y[∀x( ) ⇔ ( )] ∃y{∀x[( ) ⇔ ( )]}
¬∃x[∃y( )] ∃x[¬∃y( )] ∃x[∃y(¬ )] ¬∃x[¬∃y( )] ¬∃x[∃y(¬ )] ∃x[¬∃y(¬ )] ¬∃x[¬∃y(¬ )]
∃x[( ) ∧ ∃y( )] ∃x[∃y( ) ∧ ( )] ∃x{∃y[( ) ∧ ( )]}
∃x[( ) ∨ ∃y( )] ∃x[∃y( ) ∨ ( )] ∃x{∃y[( ) ∨ ( )]}
∃x[( ) ⇒ ∃y( )] ∃x[∃y( ) ⇒ ( )] ∃x{∃y[( ) ⇒ ( )]}
∃x[( ) ⇔ ∃y( )] ∃x[∃y( ) ⇔ ( )] ∃x{∃y[( ) ⇔ ( )]}
¬∃y[∃x( )] ∃y[¬∃x( )] ∃y[∃x(¬ )] ¬∃y[¬∃x( )] ¬∃y[∃x(¬ )] ∃y[¬∃x(¬ )] ¬∃y[¬∃x(¬ )]
∃y[( ) ∧ ∃x( )] ∃y[∃x( ) ∧ ( )] ∃y{∃x[( ) ∧ ( )]}
∃y[( ) ∨ ∃x( )] ∃y[∃x( ) ∨ ( )] ∃y{∃x[( ) ∨ ( )]}
∃y[( ) ⇒ ∃x( )] ∃y[∃x( ) ⇒ ( )] ∃y{∃x[( ) ⇒ ( )]}
∃y[( ) ⇔ ∃x( )] ∃y[∃x( ) ⇔ ( )] ∃y{∃x[( ) ⇔ ( )]}
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